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With Congress just passing the federal budget, lawmakers will have an opportunity to tackle long-term financial challenges outside of crisis mode. One such challenge—and opportunity—is the rise of stablecoins: privately issued digital tokens pegged to fiat currencies like the U.S. dollar. Stablecoins have rapidly grown into a hundreds-of-billions market, facilitating billions in transactions, but they’ve lacked a comprehensive U.S. regulatory framework. Fortunately, Washington is signaling new openness to digital assets—evidenced by President Trump announcing the establishment of a strategic digital asset reserve for the nation. Creating the requisite clarity will unlock a new era of competition and innovation among banks.
Stablecoins are a strategic extension of U.S. monetary influence. Around 99% of stablecoin volume today is tied to the U.S. dollar, exporting dollar utility onto international, decentralized blockchain networks. A stablecoin market with the right guardrails can strengthen the U.S. dollar’s dominance in global finance. If people around the world can easily hold and transact in tokenized dollars, the dollar remains the go-to currency even in a digitizing economy. Recent congressional hearings echo this point—up to $5 trillion in assets could move into stablecoins and digital money by 2030, up from roughly $200 billion now. If the U.S. fails to act, it risks “becoming the rust belt of the financial industry,” as one fintech CEO warned.
Other jurisdictions aren’t standing still: Europe, the U.K., Japan, Singapore, and the UAE are developing stablecoin frameworks. Some of these could even allow new dollar-pegged tokens issued offshore—potentially eroding U.S. oversight. In short, America must lead on stablecoins or get pressured by Europe’s Digital Euro and other central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) that threaten both the private banking ecosystem and individual sovereignty in their strictest form. My research, for example, shows that CBDCs to date have not had any positive effects on growing GDP or reducing inflation, but have had negative effects on individuals’ financial well-being.
Ideally, various regulated institutions—banks, trust companies, fintech startups—could issue “tokenized dollars” under a common set of rules. Before the 1900s, state governments had the primary authority over banking. While that led to fragmentation and problems, with the right federal architecture, blockchain allows banks to offer differentiated products and a version of what existed pre-1900—their own type of stablecoin that differs in security, yield, and/or other amenities—while still keeping the value pegged to the dollar. More broadly, there is a large body of academic research showing how stablecoins drive down transaction costs, speed up settlement times, and broaden financial inclusion through new services.
In absence of federal action, we risk a patchwork of state-by-state rules or even de facto regulation by enforcement, which creates uncertainty for entrepreneurs and consumers alike. The Stablecoin Tethering and Bank Licensing Enforcement (STABLE) Act was introduced in the House in 2020, requiring any company issuing a stablecoin to obtain a bank charter and abide by bank regulations, including approval from the Federal Reserve and FDIC before launching a stablecoin, and to hold FDIC insurance or Federal Reserve deposits as reserves, making stablecoin issuers regulated like banks to protect consumers and the monetary system.
However, as House Financial Services Committee Chairman French Hill has said, the goal should be to modernize payments and promote financial access without government overreach. Notably, Hill contrasted private-sector stablecoin innovation with the alternative “competing vision” of a government-run digital dollar (central bank digital currency) that could crowd out private innovation. And, the STABLE Act could be too draconian, penalizing non-bank entities. To that end, the recent bipartisan effort in the Senate—the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins Act of 2025 (GENIUS Act)—has gained momentum.
In practice, the GENUIS Act could allow a regulated fintech or trust company to issue a dollar stablecoin under state supervision, so long as it complies with stringent requirements mirroring federal bank-like rules on liquidity and risk. This kind of flexibility, paired with robust standards, can prevent market fragmentation by bringing all credible stablecoin issuers under a regulatory “big tent.” It would also prevent any single point of failure: If one issuer falters, others operating under the same framework can pick up the slack, keeping the system stable.
Critics often voice concerns that digital currencies could enable illicit activity. But in reality, blockchain technology offers more transparency, not less, when properly leveraged. Every transaction on a public blockchain is recorded on an immutable ledger. Law enforcement has successfully traced and busted criminal networks by following the on-chain trail—something much harder to do with cash stuffed in duffel bags. In fact, blockchain’s decentralized ledger offers the potential for even greater transparency, security, and efficiency.
Following the momentum from the White House, Congress has a running start on crafting rules that bring stability and clarity to this market now that the budget has passed. Lawmakers should refine and pass a comprehensive stablecoin bill that incorporates the best of both approaches—the prudential rigor of the bank-centric model and the innovation-friendly flexibility of a dual license system. Done right, stablecoin legislation will reinforce the dollar’s role as the bedrock of global finance in the digital age, unlock new fintech innovation and competition domestically, and enhance financial integrity.
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