The Kremlin’s quest to build a national, closed internet intensified last year.
Russia’s censorship body, Roskomnadzor, blocked 1.3 million web pages in 12 months, according to recent data. That’s a 59% increase compared with the previous year.
2025: a “particularly challenging” year
Last year was “particularly challenging,” according to Mazay Banzaev, Founder of Russia-based Amnezia VPN.
Banzaev explained that, currently, most VPN protocols are blocked in the country. “At present, only VPN protocols that disguise themselves as other network protocols continue to function,” he said.
The likes of XRay (VLESS, VMess, Trojan), NaiveProxy, and Hysteria generally still work, though he warned that they could be blocked if “poorly configured.”
The escalation comes as Russian censors continue to refine their DPI-based filtering systems, growing their reliance on AI and other sophisticated traffic analysis methods.
Over the summer, Roskomnadzor almost completely blocked unidentified UDP traffic. This prompted the team at Amnezia to upgrade its censorship-resistant AmneziaWG protocol. “Overall, it operates stably, though the regulator periodically blocks its signatures, necessitating regular updates,” Banzaev said.
The filtering model, however, is designed for protecting the “legitimate” use of VPNs. Banzaev explains that Roskomnadzor uses whitelisting techniques to ensure that selected organizations can still use their business VPN. “All other companies and services face the same problems as ordinary users,” he added.
Popular VPNs struggle to work
Banzaev claims that popular Western VPN services such as NordVPN, Proton VPN, and ExpressVPN are “effectively non-functional” in the country.
A spokesperson for NordVPN confirmed to TechRadar that the service does not operate in the region and has “no plans to return under the present circumstances.” The provider was also among those that pulled its physical servers from Russia in 2019 following demands for data access, before exiting the market entirely after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.
However, David Peterson, General Manager at Proton VPN, paints a slightly different picture. He explained that while the environment is challenging, the service still works for many users, though reliability varies “on any given day.”
“Proton VPN’s Stealth protocol is resistant to deep packet inspection (DPI). However, Russian authorities have also taken the additional step of blocking the IP addresses (and IP address ranges) of many VPN servers, meaning that multiple attempts may still be required to connect.”
Similarly, an ExpressVPN spokesperson told TechRadar that connectivity in the region remains generally functional despite the difficulties.
“VPN connectivity can be challenging in some countries, and conditions can change over time. We continuously monitor network performance and work to maintain reliable access for users wherever possible,” the company stated.
Despite these assurances, the situation remains volatile. On January 20, Windscribe confirmed a new wave of blocks, recording an almost 90% drop in Russian traffic.
Roskomnadzor as a “super-regulator”
The Kremlin’s ability to restrict access to VPNs has significantly increased this year.
Thanks to the passing of Government Decree No. 1667 in late October 2025, Roskomnadzor is now capable of blocking content directly, rather than relying on telecom operators and ISPs.
Sarkis Darbinyan, a cyber lawyer and expert at RKS Global, said the agency has become a “super-regulator.”
It can now “block virtually any service or application using DPI technology installed across all operators’ network nodes,” Darbinyan told TechRadar.
Do you know?
Amnezia VPN is a self-hosted, open-source tool designed specifically to bypass state-enforced censorship. Its code is fully accessible, allowing anyone with the technical knowledge to independently audit its security.
This technical and legal escalation has coincided with an increased crackdown on websites that promote the use of VPNs and other circumvention tools.
According to the latest data, Roskomnadzor restricted access to 12,600 materials that “promoted VPNs” between January and April 2025 alone – twice the total for all of 2024. Pressure on Apple and Google to remove VPNs from their Russian app stores has also continued.
In July, lawmakers passed a law penalizing the search for ‘extremist’ content, introducing fresh fines for those accessing illegal material via a VPN. Experts described the move as “a new chapter in repressive internet regulation in Russia.”
Alexey Kozliuk, Chairman of the industry group VPN Guild, told TechRadar: “While Russia does not yet have a formal ban on installing and using VPNs for citizens, as in Turkmenistan, the trajectory is clear.”
What next for 2026?
While the push to migrate users to domestic applications like the Kremlin-backed “superapp” MAX is set to continue in 2026, experts believe that VPN blocking will only intensify.
It appears the state has the resources to back this ambition. According to Kozliuk, censors will have access to 60 billion rubles (~$780 million) between 2025 and 2027 “to strengthen VPN-blocking technologies.”
Additionally, Forbes Russia reported that Roskomnadzor is set to allocate 2.27 billion rubles (~$29 million) to build an AI-powered traffic filtering mechanism designed to better detect and block prohibited content and VPN connections.
However, the battle against VPNs is not unique to Russia. The VPN Guild is increasingly concerned by the shifting narrative around circumvention tools in Western democracies, too.
That’s why, according to the guild, the wider industry must unite to protect the legitimacy of these privacy tools.
“When a trend becomes global, the response must be global as well,” said Kozliuk. “Participating in the ‘Defend VPNs’ Day of Action 2025 showed that the space for cooperation and knowledge sharing needs to be strengthened and expanded in 2026.”
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chiara.castro@futurenet.com (Chiara Castro)
